Biological Significance of BST2 Overexpression in OSCC

Natural Significance of BST2 Overexpression in OSCC Overexpression of BST2 is related with nodal metastasis and less fortunate visualization in oral pit disease Conceptual Objective: Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2) was one of the proteins which were discovered identified with tumor metastasis in our past proteomic study. Presently we need to look at its clinical job on the oral hole squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). Study Design: Individual review associate examination and fundamental research. Strategies: Immunohistochemical investigation, Western smudging, and quantitative constant polymerase affix response were utilized to exhibit the articulation levels of BST2 on 159 OSCC tumors. RNA obstruction was used for cell relocation and multiplication concentrate in vitro. Results: BST2 articulation was essentially higher in OSCC cells of metastatic lymph hubs and essential tumor cells, contrasted with contiguous typical epithelia. Higher BST2 articulation was related with positive N stage, propelled in general stage, perineural intrusion, and tumor profundity (P = 0.049, 0.015, 0.021, and 0.010, separately). OSCC patients with higher BST2 articulation had more unfortunate anticipation for illness explicit and malady free endurance (P = 0.009 and 0.001, individually). Multivariate investigations likewise exhibited that higher BST2 articulation is an autonomous prognostic factor of sickness explicit and illness free endurance (P = 0.047 and 0.013, individually). In-vitro concealment of BST2 articulation in OEC-M1 cells indicated that BST2 adds to tumor relocation of OSCC cells. Ends: The discoveries in this investigation demonstrate that BST2 articulation in OSCC tumors is an autonomous prognostic factor of patient endurance and related with tumor metastasis. Watchwords: oral disease; head and neck; BST2; metastasis; OSCC; tumor marker; squamous cell carcinoma. Level of proof: NA Presentation Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most well-known head-and-neck disease worldwide and stays a troublesome danger to treat as a result of estimated half death rates disregarding ongoing advances in the contemporary administration in the course of the last three decades.1-4 Cervical lymph hub dispersal has been for quite some time viewed as one of the significant poor prognosticators in quiet with OSCC and is a significant hindrance to OSCC the executives. 5-8 Previously, some transcriptomic examines dissecting OSCC tumors have built up the articulation marks of OSCC metastasis.9-13 On the other hand, our gathering additionally utilized a proteomic approach by isobaric labels for relative and supreme quantitation to recognize proteins that are differentially communicated between laser catch microdissected essential and metastatic OSCC tumors and some expected markers of OSCC metastasis were along these lines discovered.14 From the competitor proteins got from by this me thodology, bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2) was distinguished as one of the potential particles related with OSCC metastasis and need further approval in the clinical scenario.14 The BST2 quality is situated on chromosome 19p13.2 and codes for a 35kDa transmembrane glycoprotein comprising 180 amino acids. It is otherwise called the HM1.24 antigen, CD317, and tetherin.15,16 BST2 has been seen as communicated on develop B cells yet not on other typical tissues of wellbeing individuals.15 The BST2 overexpression has been distinguished in a few malignant growth types, for example, numerous myeloma, endometrial disease, gastric disease, and glioblastoma multiforme.17-23 Moreover, BST2 was found related with the tumor movement and metastasis by past discoveries from the pancreatic endocrine tumors with liver metastases and the bosom malignancies with bone metastasis.24,25 In vitro, overexpression of BST2 expanded intrusion, relocation, cell multiplication and apoptosis avoidance in bosom malignant growth cells.26,27 Thus, in light of the discoveries of these past investigations and our proteomic revelation, we likewise conjectured that BST2 is overexpressed in OSCC and assumes a particular job in tumor cell tweak. Likewise, our examination is intended to explore the articulation and the job of BST2 in the OSCC tumors. Immunohistochemical investigation and quantitative ongoing PCR were utilized to show the articulation levels of BST2 on OSCC tumors. We additionally utilized RNAi strategies to smother the BST2 articulation to examine the impacts of BST2 regulation on the OSCC cell line in vitro. Materials and Methods Quiet Characteristics and Clinical Specimens One houndred and thirty-eight male and 21 female were analyzed as OSCC patients at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Tao-Yuan, Taiwan) somewhere in the range of 2002 and 2007 and tried out this examination. Understanding age at finding extended from 22.0 to 84.0 years (mean, 51.9â ±12.3). The related subsites of the oral pit were buccal mucosa (62 patients), gum (21), hard sense of taste (5), lip (5), story of the mouth (5), and tongue (61). Patients with at any rate one of the accompanying conditions were viewed as ineligible: unresectable or inoperable disease, other essential disease (simultaneous or metachronous), intermittent malignancy, inaccessible metastasis, earlier history of threat, treatment with neoadjuvant treatment, clinical contraindication for medical procedure, or people lost to development. Sores analyzed as carcinoma in situ, verrucous carcinoma or a histologically basaloid subtype were additionally excluded from the investigation. All patients gave educated agre e preceding examination interest, and the investigation was endorsed by the Institutional Review Board of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. Patients experienced standard preoperative work-ups as indicated by institutional rules, including point by point clinical history, complete physical assessment, figured tomography or attractive reverberation imaging outputs of the head and neck, chest radiographs, bone sweep, and stomach ultrasound. Essential tumors were extracted with sufficient edges under intraoperative solidified segment control. Careful deformities were quickly reproduced by means of free fold or neighborhood fold by plastic specialists, if vital. Following careful treatment, neurotic TNM grouping of all tumors was set up as per the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual (2007). After release, all patients had standard follow-up visits like clockwork for the main year, at regular intervals for the subsequent year, and at regular intervals thereafter.28-30 RNA Extraction and Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Detection of BST2 As per the manufacturer’s convention, all out RNA of sixty combined OSCC tumor and nearby ordinary tissues was extricated and refinement by utilizing RNAzol B reagent (Tel-Test, Friendwood, TX) and a RNeasy cleanup pack (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). 5ug of complete RNA was utilized for first-strand cDNA blend and afterward adding to a response blend including financially available preliminaries (BST2 Hs00171632_m1 and standardization control B2M, Hs00984230_m1 and ACTB, Hs99999903_m1 ; Assay-on-Demand, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix, and sans rnase water. 7900 HT Sequence Detection System was utilized for performing quantitative continuous RT-PCR and the outcome was examined with SDS adaptation 2 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). All trials were rehashed in copy, and the mean overlay change of each example was determined. Western blotch investigation Proteins were separated from culture cells with RIPA support (50 mM Tris pH 8, 0.0150 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS, 0.2 % Na-deoxylate, 1x protease mixed drink (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and the focuses decided utilizing the BCA protein examine pack (Perice Biotechnology) Samples were isolated on 12% SDS gels, moved to PVDF films (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Buckinghamshire, UK), and tested utilizing bunny monoclonal enemy of BST2 counter acting agent (Epitomics, Burlingame, CA), mouse monoclonal beta-actin immune response (MAB1501, Chemicon, Billerica, MA), and mouse monoclonal GAPDH immunizer (Novus, Littleton, CO). The beta-actin and GAPDH signals were utilized as the stacking controls. Densitometer quantitation was likewise estimated to show the relative overlay contrasts of prtein levels. Catalyst connected immunosorbent test (ELISA) estimation ELISA pack for human BST2 (CUSABIO, Hubei, China) was utilized for deciding the BST2 levels in the tried examples. Human recombinant BST2 was utilized as the norm. Quickly, 100 ÃŽ ¼l of tests or standard were added to a murine monoclonal counter acting agent against BST2 covered microtiter plates and brooded for 2 h at room temperature. After the plates were washing with wash margarine for multiple times, a biotin-conjugated polyclonal immunizer was included and further brooded for 1 h at room temperature. The plates were washed multiple times again and 100 ÃŽ ¼l of horseradish peroxidase-avidin was included at room temperature for 1 h. After the plates were washed multiple times and 90 ÃŽ ¼l of tetramethylbenzidine was added to each well. The response was ended by including of 2 N sulfuric corrosive, and the optical thickness of each very much was estimated by a microplate peruser set to 450 nm. Each trial was acted in triplicate. Immunohistochemical Staining For immunohistochemistry, formalin-fixed and paraffin-installed tissues were cut into 4 à ¯Ã¢ Ã¢ ­m areas, deparaffinized, rehydrated, and arranged for antigen recovery. Slides of successive segments were hatched with the fitting antibodies: hare monoclonal enemy of BST2 immune response (weakened 1:30, Epitomics, Burlingame, CA) at room temperature for 60 minutes. After hatching, slides were washed multiple times with phosphate cradled saline, brooded with horseradish peroxidase polymer neutralizer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) at room temperature for 10 min, and created by the expansion of 3,3’-Diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) reagent (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) as the chromogen and hematoxylin as the counterstain. A ScanScope CT robotized slide-checking framework (Aperio Technologies, Vista, CA) was utilized for acquiring pictures of recolored slides. Articulation of BST2 was scored utilizing a

Slavery in Africa Home free essay sample

Since antiquated occasions slaves had been purchased and sold in Africa. At the point when two clans battled against one another, the triumphant clan would make the individuals of the vanquished clan their slaves. Subjugation contrasted starting with one piece of Africa then onto the next, yet in many spots slaves were discharged when they had served their lords for a specific number of years, or, in all likelihood they could purchase their opportunity by great conduct and difficult work. Slaves were allowed to marry.This implied that their kids may wed the offspring of their lords or of other nearby individuals, thus inside a brief timeframe, there was nothing in their hopes to cause them to appear to be not quite the same as the neighborhood individuals, thus inside a brief timeframe, there was nothing in their hopes to cause them to appear to be unique in relation to the neighborhood individuals or to show that their precursors had been slaves. In any case, when the white Europeans got associated with the slave exchange they transformed it drastically. We will compose a custom exposition test on Subjugation in Africa Home or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page They needed to take solid captives to chip away at the sugar estates in their new grounds in America and the West Indies.The Europeans couldn't accumulate all the slaves they required just by grabbing Africans from the coast, so they father solid connections with the African boss. The European dealers took merchandise to Africa which were of extraordinary incentive there. These included fine material, metal bars, liquor, firearms and black powder. Consequently, African dealers brought men, ladies and youngsters from inland to the coast, to be given over to the Europeans as slaves. What barely any Europeans knew or needed to know was that the Africans had developed numerous exceptional realms more than several years.One of the best was the Empire of Shanghai, far inland. In 1525, an Arab guest portrayed the capital city of Timeout: Here are numerous shops of skilled worker and shippers. The district yields corn, steers, milk and margarine in incredible bounty. Salt is brought he from more than 800 miles away. The ruler has a lot of gold and rides upon a camel. His trooper ride upon ponies. Here are incredible stores of specialists, judges, ministers and other educated men. Books are brought here which are sold for more cash than different products. Realms, for example, Shanghai lost their capacity in the seventeenth century. In the eighteenth century, different realms, for example, Benign got rich through the slave exchange. The lords of Benign battled numerous wars against different clans. Their fighters won effectively, on the grounds that the rulers had purchased weapons from white slave perusers. As they took more land, the lords of Benign empowered the slave exchange. Groups of African thieves from inland clans assaulted the towns and seized youngsters and ladies. They offered them to other dark brokers who walked them several miles to the coast.By 1 804, one dealer clarified that the slave exchange: is carried on by a chain of traders from the coast uncertainly in numerous ways towards the inside. A few clans wouldn't partake in assaults on their neighbors however these individuals passed up the riches that originated from the slave exchange and they became feeble. In this ay power moved in West Africa as realms did battle against one another. In certain territories the populace fell alarmingly as guardians lost their young, sound children and little girls, and their customary specialties and lifestyles were lost.When white Europeans kicked included they off the triangular slave exchange. Schoolwork Task B Decide whether these announcements are valid or bogus. Proclamation True False 1 . Subjugation has existed in Africa since old occasions. 2. Africa slaves would never want to turn out to be free. 3. The offspring of slaves could wed individuals who werent slaves, with the goal that they and their youngsters would appear to be equivalent to others. . At the point when white Europeans got engaged with the slave exchange, not all that much. 5.The Europeans needed captives to work in production lines in England, Spain and Portugal. 6. The Europeans cruised to Africa with merchandise, for example, fine material, metal bars, liquor, weapons and explosive to trade for slaves. 7. African brokers brought men, ladies and kids to the coast, who had been caught further inland. 8. There had never been any significant realms or progress in this piece of Africa.

Meth Withdrawal Symptoms, Timeline, & Treatment

Meth Withdrawal Symptoms, Timeline, & Treatment Addiction Drug Use Meth Print How Long Does Withdrawal From Methamphetamine Last? By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on September 01, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 27, 2019 More in Addiction Drug Use Meth Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Signs & Symptoms Warnings Long-Term Treatment View All Back To Top Meth  withdrawal is a natural but uncomfortable process that begins immediately after someone discontinues taking methamphetamine, also known as crystal meth. Overview Withdrawal involves a predictable set of symptoms, that gradually wear off as the body adjusts to the drug no longer being present. Withdrawal involves physical symptoms like fatigue and psychiatric symptoms like depression or psychosis.?? While the physical symptoms go away, the psychological symptoms like anxiety can last a long time. In the first 24 hours following meth use, people may begin to experience initial withdrawal symptoms which can include fatigue and increased appetite.?? You may feel irritable, anxious, and depressed. Verywell / JR Bee Duration and Severity Research shows that meth withdrawal consists of two phases. The first phase is most intense during the first 24 hours after last using meth and gradually gets less intense over the next week. There is often a subacute phase lasting another couple of weeks.?? The severity of meth withdrawal will depend on a number of different factors, such as how long and how much meth the individual has been using, and how dependent the person is on meth.?? How Long Will Withdrawal Last? As a general rule of thumb, the longer a person has been on meth, the worse the withdrawal symptoms will be. The same applies to age, with older people typically experiencing worse symptoms than younger people. The second phase is less intense and lasts for about another two to three weeks. Sometimes meth users experience withdrawal symptoms for months, known as  post-acute withdrawal syndrome  (PAWS).?? Other factors that can play a role in the duration and severity of meth withdrawal symptoms include: A persons mental and physical health before and during  meth useThe quality of the meth the individual was usingHistory of other drug use, including alcohol What to Know About Methamphetamine Use Signs Symptoms The experience of meth withdrawal is different for everyone, but there are certain signs and symptoms that tend to be common. If your symptoms feel severe, seek help as soon as possible and be sure to tell your doctor that you are withdrawing from meth. Anxiety Anxiety is very common among people who are going through meth withdrawal, and studies show that rates of anxiety disorders among individuals who use methamphetamine are estimated to be as high as 30%.?? Fatigue and Sleepiness When using meth, people often feel hyperactive and like they do not need to sleep. During meth withdrawal, they often feel exactly the opposite.?? Especially during the first week of withdrawal, people are likely to feel very inactive, tired, and sleepy. Symptoms of fatigue usually peak around the fifth day of withdrawal, during which people will sleep an average of 11 hours per day (a phenomenon known as hypersomnia). It is not uncommon to experience vivid dreams, but these will usually subside during the first week or so. Depression Having a low, flat, or depressed mood is normal while going through meth withdrawal. For most, it will be gone by the end of the third week, although depression can continue for a small proportion of people coming off meth.?? Psychosis Psychosis can be a symptom of meth withdrawal and consists primarily of hallucinations: seeing, hearing, and feeling things that arent there. It may also involve delusions, in which ideas that seem true but that arent actually true in reality. These symptoms can also occur when people are high on meth. Meth Cravings Most people who are withdrawing from meth experience a strong desire to actually take more; they are experiencing cravings, which are common among people withdrawing from addictive substances.?? Increased Appetite While on meth, people often experience a lack of appetite for food.?? That changes during meth withdrawal, during which people are likely to have strong cravings for carbohydratesâ€"sugary or starchy foodsâ€"especially at the beginning of withdrawal, and usually lasting into the second and third weeks. Brain Recovery Is Possible After Stopping Meth Coping Relief Meth withdrawal can be difficult, but there are some things that you can do to cope with your symptoms and make the process easier. Exercise: Exercise and medication may help with anxiety, although further research is needed to confirm this.Distract yourself: Although these cravings start out quite intense, the frequency and intensity of drug cravings gradually subside over two to five weeks. The best thing to do is to try to cope with the cravings until they abate. Find ways to keep busy and distracted so you dont focus on these cravings.??Avoid triggers: If there are certain situations or people that tend to trigger your cravings, be careful to avoid them during your withdrawal period in order to minimize the risk of a relapse.Eat a healthy diet: Your appetite for food may return during withdrawal, but its important to try to keep everything in moderation. Try not to eat more than you normally would have before taking meth, as you may develop a substitute addiction to food. If symptoms of depression continue following the discontinuation of meth, see your doctor. Medications are often useful in treating these symptoms. Tips for Coping With Drug Cravings Warnings It is often best to go through the meth detox and withdrawal process under the supervision of trained professionals.   Although it may seem daunting, the best place to go if youre having severe symptoms is a hospital or medically-managed detox center. While symptoms will usually go away after the first week of withdrawal, people can run into serious difficulties trying to cope with symptoms, such as psychosis, on their own. Antipsychotic drugs may be prescribed along with other medications to treat psychiatric symptoms. If you or someone you know is experiencing psychosis either during meth intoxication or meth withdrawal, call 911 and inform the paramedics about the drug use. Long-Term Treatment The National Institute on Drug Abuse suggests that behavioral therapy is one of the most effective long-term treatments currently available for methamphetamine addiction.?? Two of the main types that may be used are cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and contingency management (CM). Cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses on changing the underlying thoughts and beliefs that contribute to maladaptive behaviors.Contingency management utilizes operant conditioning to encourage meth abstinence. People receive incentives, such as vouchers, for passing drug tests.?? Other approaches that may also be used include family education, individual counseling, and 12-step support groups.?? Resources If you or a loved one is ready to quit meth, talk to your doctor for advice. Your doctor can assess your health and refer you to treatment centers in your area.   You should also seek medical assistance if you are having severe or worrisome withdrawal symptoms such as depression, paranoia, or psychosis. You can also contact the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) national helpline at 1-800-662-4357 for treatment referral and information. Or you can use their online treatment locator to find addictions services in your area. A Word From Verywell While meth withdrawal can be difficult, addiction is treatable and recovery is possible. Taking care of yourself during this time is vital. Practice effective relapse prevention techniques and be kind to yourself. Most importantly, dont be afraid to reach out to friends, family, support groups, or treatment professionals if you need help.

Comparing Gilman, Cooper And Collins Notions Of Feminism

Compare and contrast on Gilman, Cooper and Collins’ notions of Feminism In this paper I will talk about how Gilman, Cooper and Collins think about progress for women. Analyzing their writings, I will compare and contrast their initial concerns and focuses on progress for women, explanations of the causes of gender inequalities, and ideas of future activism. I will discuss what they assumptions they shared in common and how they differentiated with each other specifically. Principal Concerns and focuses on progress for women I will start with the compare and contrast of what three theorists were concerned with when forming their theories of feminism. As all three theorists claimed that the problem of women’s rights was not the simple one of the democratic demand of women for equal prerogatives with men, their initial concerns were all essentially twofold: to show how women and society were disastrously affected due to the continued suppression of female; and to demonstrate, both in theories and practice means whereby women could fight for their rights and equalities in society. However, since they three had different focuses on progress for women, Gilman, Cooper and Collins’ principal concerns when forming their theories were also different, and I will explain the differences in the following paragraphs. As Gilman noted in her writings, she was concerned with the causes of the subjection of women and refutation of how dominant world justi fied their suppression on women.

Issue of Gun Control - 871 Words

Gun control has been a controversial issue in the past, but it has recently been popping everywhere on the news, considering the recent occurrences of abuse. I believe we need a system in which citizens do not need to fear, but we also need a system in which rights are not being taken away. European countries such as United Kingdom have extremely strict laws on firearms. This extremeness has actually proven to work causing fewer deaths by guns. . Assault weapons are far too dangerous for regular citizens to hold, some restrictions should be placed so not everyone can achieve them we have seen the many mass murders because of assault weapons. I don’t believe assault weapons, which were originally created for military purposes, are really†¦show more content†¦According to a survey graph which was shown on an article written by Lydia Saad, 47% of the population said they owned a gun in their home in 2011. Considering all the people that do own guns, a very small amount o f the population actually misuses the weapons. It is not right to take away the rights of all those who are responsible for their actions, because a few people use improperly. Accounting to the mass murders that have happened recently, easy access to guns is not to be the main reason for why the incident occurred. From watching numerous amounts of news, I can say that most of the mass killing sprees that have occurred are due to mental illness which we can not avoid. We can however avoid allowing people with a past of mental illnesses from receiving guns. Federal laws must be placed in order to have all guns, including regular handguns, to be registered. We should not use guns for simple fun as they are extremely dangerous. â€Å"Guns don’t kill, people kill† has been a famous quote many people have been reciting which I believe is a very true fact. Gun politics have been shown to be quite a debate and have been in the news frequently this year. Bill Clinton once said When we got organized as a country, [and] wrote a fairly radical Constitution, with a radical Bill of Rights, giving radical amounts of freedom to Americans, it was assumed that Americans who had that freedom would use it responsiblyShow MoreRelatedGun Issue And Gun Control1401 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity, Gun Politics has been a course I have aspired to take. While many enroll in such a course looking for an escape from the â€Å"collegiate liberal echo chamber† or as an outlet for their conservative agendas, I saw the class as an â€Å"entrance to the dark side.† My views on guns prior to the class were, I would call, polarized yet uninformed. In most of my discussions, I would cite the Australian 1996 National Firearms Agreement as precedent for how American politicians should approach the gun issueRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Essay1646 W ords   |  7 Pagessomebody who wants to inflict harm on other people to get his or her hands on a gun.† (Simple Minded Gun Control). Gun control is a controversial issue worldwide. The reason why this has attracted so much attention is because not everyone is in favor of gun control and each side brings up excellent points about the issue. Research related to this issue strongly supports the claim that there SHOULD be more gun control laws. Three arguments that prove this position are (1) Incidents like Sandy HookRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1489 Words   |  6 Pagessplit on the issue of gun control. We have seen many violent shootings and innocent people dying because of gun violence. Some Americans believe we need strict gun laws to protect our children and ourselves from these horrific tragedies. Other Americans believes it is our rights as Americans to posses’ guns and we are entitled to that right in our constitution. There are also some Americans that are stuck in the middle and can see both sides but recent events have definitely caused this issue to be inRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1031 Words   |  5 Pagesintegrate them in a way that will trigger a new viewpoint on the subject. Gun control is something that should be enforced across the world in order to save lives. In the United States there is a ratio of 88.8 guns per one hundred persons (GunPolicy.org). Those numbers award us with the highest total per capita number in the world. With that amount of firepower there needs to be an efficient way to regulate who exactly can purchase a gun. Since 1791 when the second amendment was ratified there have beenRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1705 Words   |  7 Pagesaway without preface or reason. All someone needs to do is pull the trigger. In today’s world, guns are far too accessible to the people of society. We hear in the news, stories of mass shootings, homicides, and suicides; most of which are caused by the acti vation of a gun. A hot-button issue, gun control is one of the most debated topics in American politics. Should we, or should we not, be able to own guns? Although it infringes on the Second Amendment that provides the right to bear arms, this amendmentRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control951 Words   |  4 PagesGun control has been a big topic for the past decade in the united states. These debates will rise and fall time in and time out after something horrific happens in the state. Anti-Gun supporters do not realize that it is extremely difficult to regulate something in the states that is a big portion of our economy.Would stricter gun laws change anything? So far statistically It has been proven otherwise one must consider how a citizen would defend themselves when they are faced with terror. How willRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control929 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control Getting arrested yesterday was not the highlight of my week. I was hungry; so I went to Wal-Mart get some charcoal, lighter fluid, and steak. I put the charcoal in the grill and the lighter fluid on the coals. I got a little lighter fluid on my arm, but I didn’t pay it much attention. I lit the match and threw it on the coals. I looked down and my sleeve was on fire. I was waving my arm in the air, trying to put it out. Then here they come the police pulled in and tackled me to theRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe issue of gun is always controversial. Firearm can be used as defending or an assaulting weapon. In United States, firearm increase the rate of homicide, suicide and gun violence, which can harm and murder people. Moreover, taking away people’s gun will not work effectively because the murder and criminal will find another ways to get guns. Also, the black market will appear for the people who cannot get guns from regulated market s. In addition, if regulated guns are banned, murderers may useRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1678 Words   |  7 PagesJanuary 2014 The 2nd Amendment Over the past few years, the issue of gun control has been widely discussed. You surely have heard the phrase, â€Å"Guns don’t kill people, people kill people† uttered and i wholeheartedly support this statement. It is important to treat guns responsibly so they do not end up in the wrong hands. I believe gun control violates our inalienable rights. Another piece of our liberty will surely be taken away if guns are banned, and socialism and totalitarianism will be rightRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1208 Words   |  5 PagesWill Christopherson Traverson English 2 1 March 2017 Gun Control The United States has 88.8 guns per 100 people, or about 270,000,000 guns, which is the highest total and per capita number across the globe. The current public gun control debate in the United States seems to be placed on standby until it is sparked up by a major mass shooting. There were at least 126 mass shootings between January 2000 and July 2014.(pro). Opponents of more gun laws accuse supporters of using a horrific event to further

Perception and Portrayal of the Abolitionist Free Essays

string(53) " of the most significant periods in African slavery\." Societal values have changed so much since a hundred years ago. The development of science and the introduction of many intellectual movements have contributed much to these changes. Ideals which were deemed erroneous or immoral can be accepted and welcomed, and those widely accepted as scientific truths and fact can be debunked and proved wrong as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Perception and Portrayal of the Abolitionist or any similar topic only for you Order Now But it is wrong to assume that every pillar in society can be changed. Several values and ideals have stood the test of time and were deemed universally and chronologically constant, because this is how society wants them to remain. These values, standards and norms therefore could be likened to a lens, since society uses these things to assess situations and the environmental factors they are exposed to. Everything that happens can be processed differently by different individuals, depending on the lens that he or she uses. There are some who manage to deviate from the norm and use unconventional â€Å"lenses† to view their environments and act upon situations differently than the usual. Similarly, how these people are viewed by the rest of society depend on the current value system. Usually, many of these revolutionaries become ostracized or even killed for their beliefs, as the changes they want to bring about may not agree or even violate some of the accepted norms and ideologies. John Brown is one such revolutionary, proposing change in the midst of pro-slavery America. His unconventional ideas and methods went against many standards of pro-slavery society that many saw threatening. However, as times changed and some values and ideologies were revolutionized, society’s views on John Brown’s life also changed. Some viewed him as a brilliant man who saw through American society’s fault, or a hero who died for the freedom of men who were stripped of liberty. Some also viewed him as a madman, a crazy zealot and one of America’s first terrorists. John Brown is also portrayed in various ways in popular culture, as his life and words are used in songs, plays and TV shows. Statement of the Problem As a prominent American historical figure, society’s opinion on John Brown is highly influenced by culture and value systems. However, it is a given that some of these values continuously fluctuate and some remain throughout time. With the changes in time and values from the time of John Brown’s active action and his death, how did public perception of him change? If so, what are the factors that affect these changes? Objectives This paper seeks to shed some light on how John Brown was viewed throughout history and time and what factors affected these perceptions of his character. An analysis of information regarding his portrayal in popular culture and a discussion on how these portrayals came about shall be included in this paper. Significance of the Study This study is geared towards looking at and analyzing John Brown’s life and seeing how society viewed him while he was alive and after his death. Since it has been established that there has been a conflicting public opinion regarding John Brown, this study will help shed some light on the reasons for this differing public opinion and analyze the factors that contribute to these differences. Using John Brown as a base, sociological dynamics can be more fully understood. Scope and Limitations This study shall only be using online articles, journals and some books as its reference. Data shall be gathered from these materials and a suitable data analysis by the author shall be the basis of the conclusions made in this paper. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Abolitionism and Slavery in the United States The Roots of Slavery Slavery in the United States involved the selling, purchase, ownership of African or even Native American slaves. It first began when the English built their community in Virginia in 1607 and ended up being widely-accepted tradition until 1865. Many of the slaves were gathered from pagan countries and this was written into law by 1705. In Columbia, a slave is defined in law as a human being who is â€Å"deprived of his or her liberty for life and is the property of another. † It was legal to own and keep slaves for as long as they were still alive from 1654 to 1865. By 1860, ownership of slaves has become so widespread that a fourth of the population during that time are comprised of slaves. Disease, famine and damages caused by the war against Native Americans have kept available labor down, and this made importation of slaves more palatable for many business men. The slaves were treated as capital for labor intensive commerce such as the cash crop industry of tobacco. They were considered as the life line of the south’s agricultural industry. A large proportion of the slaves were owned by farmers from the south, as a single farmer there owned an average of 20 slaves. Labor intensive commerce was mostly found in the south as these regions grew tobacco, cotton and sugar as primary exports. Many of the slaves were found in these farms, and here they contributed much to the economic welfare of the country. Racial basis of slavery were not only applied to Africans and Native Americans, but also to some members of the Caucasian race. Some Europeans were also utilized as slaves under a contract to pay debts. These white slaves were only held for a limited amount of time and not fully owned like African slaves. Westward Expansion The westward expansionist tradition of the country not only brought about territory, but it also spread both the tradition of slavery. Many of the cotton farmers moved west and brought their slaves with them. Historians call this period the Second Middle Passage. Many of the slaves were forcefully removed from their families and communities to work for new farms in the west. This slave exodus marked one of the most significant periods in African slavery. You read "Perception and Portrayal of the Abolitionist" in category "Papers" African slaves were subjected to psychological stress due to their forceful exclusion from their families and familiar environments. The westward movement was extremely difficult. Aside from the psychological hardship that being away from their families presented, they were also subjected to physical difficulties. Most of them were forced to travel on foot, only stopping in temporary holding pens for slaves where further slave trade was performed. The slaves were mobilized in shackles and chains as traders feared violence ensuing from the slaves. In their destination, extremely difficult work was waiting for them. Many of the areas in the west were still undeveloped, and so the burden of clearing forests, building barns and pioneer-planting crops in the fields were placed on the slaves’ shoulders. Alongside the exhaustion from the intense labor, unfavourable working conditions and amenities contributed to the high mortality rate of newly arrived slaves. This condition was so economically unfavourable for the slave owners that many of them resorted to temporarily renting slaves than using their own to complete the work. Many of the slaves resisted after being exposed to such dreadful conditions which ultimately gave the farmers and their overseers more reason to resort to cruelty and aggression to control slaves. Brutalities towards the slaves were institutionalized by the court. Overseers can physically harm slaves and in some cases, even kill the dissenting slave. The owners were authorized by court to use the slaves and their families at his disposal. Members of the family can be used by the owner to pay-off debts or increase income by selling them as slaves. It is common to find slave families broken and hurt from the separation of husbands, wives and children from one another. The slaves were given amenities and benefits like food, health care and clothing but only to a bare minimum. Disabling slaves by maiming them and executions for fugitive slaves were allowed by law. Sexual abuse and rape of the slaves was also rampant. In court, slaves were considered sub-human. If one does commit a crime, however, he is considered as an entity capable of thought and act, and thus is regarded as a rational being. With all these brutalities toward slaves, it is important to note that the treatment of slaves is dependent on skin color. Light-skinned slaves were dressed, fed and treated better than the dark-skinned ones who worked mostly in the fields. Anti-slavery supporters coming from the north knew of the brutalities and abuses inflicted on the slaves of the south. They sought to stop the institution of slavery, and this produced much tension between the two parties. The north’s movement to abolish slavery went against the economic favourability of slavery during that time. The economy dictated the increasing value of labor intensive industries in the south, and so labourers are needed more than ever. Abolitionist movement With the enlightenment and awareness of people regarding human rights came the abolitionist movement. Slavery was something that violated the basic tenet of human rights and dignity, and so it had to be abolished. Northern states have begun to pass acts which declared that all men were born free and equal. Several movements that involved religion and political movements highly influenced the strength and expanse of abolitionist ideals throughout the country. The movements that supported abolitionism varied in method and degree. Some were pacifist, as they tried to use the legal system and passed legislation seeking to make slavery illegal. Others utilized literature and the press like Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of the famous novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Religious movements declared slavery to be sinful and un-Christian, to discourage believers from keeping and owning slaves. Only a minority of abolitionists used to armed revolt and instigation of unrest and anger among the slaves as the main machinery to further their cause. The movement continued its stride to abolish slavery, but its strongest anchor point came with the election of a known contester of slavery, Abraham Lincoln, as president. With the head of state holding this position of opposition of slavery, the south felt that their way of life was endangered and threatened. Economic repercussions will be felt by their planters in the cotton, tobacco and sugar farms if the hands that worked in the plantations were to be set free. The zenith of the tensions between the south and the north was the American Civil war. It broke out when the south organized and removed themselves from the control of the American government. Rise of Abolitionism Historian James McPherson defined an abolitionist as a person who has fought for the abolition of slavery in the United States before the Civil war. American abolition started early on, as there were several groups already fighting for the liberation of slaves, such as the Society of Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, and there were several institutions which prohibited slavery already. Several states had passed laws that completely prohibited slavery in their territories. Those who joined the American Anti-Slavery Society or other groups were abolitionists. These movements were not unified, and so could not boast a unified strength. Vermont was the first territory to make slavery illegal, and Pennsylvania was the first state to abolish slavery in 1780. Then several states followed Pennsylvania’s example while some states chose to limit slave trading. Many of the states in the south retained the institution of slavery as it was the region’s life line in their plantations. Their strong adherence to the institution drove them to take a defensive stance against the rising popularity of the abolitionist movement. Many abolitionist writers distributed many anti-slavery writings and literature to the south to help spread the ideologies. Novels, pamphlets and other forms of writing began to circulate not just in the north, but also in the southern region. Southern officials were enraged at the act, and thus moved to ban all types of literature that might instigate rebellion and changes in the south. Violence was even employed to stop the circulation of antislavery media in the south. Elijah Parish Lovejoy, the editor of an abolitionist newspaper was murdered by a mob of pro-slavery southerners. His printing press was also destroyed. Abolitionists recognized the fact that slavery needed to be abolished everywhere in the country, but the north cannot interfere with the affairs of the south because of federal ruling. Because of this, many abolitionists focused on liberating the north and skipping the southern states. Some abolitionists were frustrated and did not like this idea, as they believed that every state should be free of slavery. The movement was further fortified by the support of free African-Americans and their church. With the issue of the constitution, the American Abolitionist movement split up into two groups, the Garrisonians, led by William Garrison and Wendell Phillips and another camp led by Spooner and Gerrit Smith. The Garrisonians believed that the constitution promoted slavery while Spooner’s group believed the constitution to be antislavery. Since slavery was unconstitutional, it could be abolished with the blessing of the law. More divisions in the abolitionist movement arose, but because of the social classes of the abolitionists themselves. The artisans and elites divided themselves on the issue of slavery as well. The Underground Railroad was used as a venue by many abolitionists to become more active in the cause for abolition of slavery. Many of the fugitive slaves were illegally transported away from their masters to be free men via this rail. But the railroad was made illegal by the passing of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. But this did not stop the abolitionists from providing shelter and transporting slaves to freedom. How to cite Perception and Portrayal of the Abolitionist, Papers

Project Execution Plan free essay sample

The PEP is the core document for the management of a project. It is a statement of policies and procedures defined by the project director, although usually developed by the project manager for the project sponsor/project directors approval. It sets out in a structured format the project scope, objectives and relative priorities. For non-construction projects see Project plan. Fitness for purpose: Include plans, procedures and control processes for project implementation and for monitoring and reporting progress? Define the role and responsibilities of all project participants, and is a means of ensuring that everyone understands, accepts and carries out their responsibilities? Set out the mechanisms for audit, review and feedback, by defining the reporting and meeting requirements, and, where appropriate, the criteria for independent external review? Suggested contents: Much of a PEP will be standardised, but the standard will need to be modified to meet the particular circumstances of each project. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Execution Plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A typical PEP might cover the items listed below, although some may appear under a number of headings with a cross reference system employed to avoid duplication: Project definition and brief; Roles, responsibilities and authorities; Project cost plan and cost management procedures; Risk and sensitivity analysis; Programme management; Contracting and procurement; Administrative systems and procedures; Safety and environmental issues, such as the construction design and management regulations; Quality assurance; Commissioningt; and Post project evaluation. Notes: The PEP will change as a project progresses through its design and construction stages. It should be a dynamic document regularly updated and referred to as a communication tool, as well as a control reference. Source information: Project brief Business case Further information: Project management briefing Project Execution Plan free essay sample The PEP is the core document for the management of a project. It is a statement of policies and procedures defined by the project director, although usually developed by the project manager for the project sponsor/project directors approval. It sets out in a structured format the project scope, objectives and relative priorities. For non-construction projects see Project plan. Fitness for purpose: Does the PEP: Include plans, procedures and control processes for project implementation and for monitoring and reporting progress? Define the role and responsibilities of all project participants, and is a means of ensuring that everyone understands, accepts and carries out their responsibilities? Set out the mechanisms for audit, review and feedback, by defining the reporting and meeting requirements, and, where appropriate, the criteria for independent external review? Suggested contents: Much of a PEP will be standardised, but the standard will need to be modified to meet the particular circumstances of each project. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Execution Plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A typical PEP might cover the items listed below, although some may appear under a number of headings with a cross reference system employed to avoid duplication: Project definition and brief; Roles, responsibilities and authorities; Project cost plan and cost management procedures; Risk and sensitivity analysis; Programme management; Contracting and procurement; Administrative systems and procedures; Safety and environmental issues, such as the construction design and management regulations; Quality assurance; Commissioningt; and Post project evaluation. Notes: The PEP will change as a project progresses through its design and construction stages. It should be a dynamic document regularly updated and referred to as a communication tool, as well as a control reference. Source information: Project brief Business case Further information: Project management briefing

Indians and the Battle of Wounded Knee essays

Indians and the Battle of Wounded Knee essays Can you imagine our world coexisting with Indians? It could have happened. If the Indians could have been pulled together and won the Battle of Wounded Knee. Your neighborhood could have been called Indian Estates and your next door neighbor could have been a Sioux. But they lost. American Indian extermination is best summed up in the words of Standing Bear of the Poncas, "When people want to slaughter cattle they drive them along until they get them to a corral, and then they slaughter them. So it was with us. "A tribe or even a race was destroyed for good in a short period of time. I am going to discuss how the Sioux tribe was destroyed and so was the Native American. The battle of Wounded Knee was the most important battle in our country today. According to Carl Waldman in the Atlas of North American Indian, the Sioux Indian was located throughout the Northern Plains of America. The Sioux were led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. The Sioux were known for being rebellious battlers that were warriors. According to Ann McGovern in her book If You Lived with the Sioux Indians, she talks about the Sioux and their ghost dances. It also talks about how the Sioux kept getting driven out and continued to move more west. According to Dee Brown Bury My Heart at Wounded at Knee, frozen corpses twisted into grotesque shapes. Women with little children strapped onto their backs. A mother holds on tightly to her young. 12-year-olds full of bullets. This is how the Indians were found. Death and destruction reigned everywhere on the banks of Wounded Knee Creek. According to Angie Debo in her book A History of the Indians of the United States, on December 29, 1890, after disarming the Sioux Indians, the rapid-fire Hotchkiss mountain cannons were used on them. These guns fired explosive shells weighing two pounds ten ounces at the rate of fifty per minute and had an effective range of 4, 200 yards. As the defenseless Indians fled, they were sho...

William Shakespeares Macbeth Plot Summary

William Shakespeares Macbeth Plot Summary Macbeth, the play which is considered  Shakespeare’s most intense tragedy, is condensed into this plot  summary, capturing the essence and important plot points of the Bard’s shortest play. Macbeth Summary King Duncan hears of Macbeth’s heroics at war and bestows the title Thane of Cawdor on him. The current Thane of Cawdor has been deemed a traitor and the king orders that he be killed. The Three Witches Unaware of this, Macbeth and Banquo meet three witches on a heath who predict that Macbeth will inherit the title and eventually become king. They tell Banquo that he will be happy and that his sons will inherit the throne. Macbeth is then informed that he has been named Thane of Cawdor and his belief in the witches’ prophecy is confirmed. King Duncans Murder Macbeth contemplates his fate and Lady Macbeth encourages him to act to ensure the prophecy is realized. A feast is organized to which King Duncan and his sons are invited. Lady Macbeth hatches a plot to kill King Duncan while he sleeps and encourages Macbeth to carry out the plan. After the murder, Macbeth is full of regret. Lady Macbeth scorns him for his cowardly behavior. When Macbeth realizes that he has forgotten to leave the knife at the scene of the crime, Lady Macbeth takes over and completes the deed. Macduff finds the dead King and Macbeth accuses the Chamberlains of murder. King Duncan’s sons flee in fear of their lives. Banquos Murder Banquo questions the witches’ predictions and wants to discuss them with Macbeth. Macbeth sees Banquo as a threat and employs murderers to kill him and his son, Fleance. The murderers botch the job and only manage to kill Banquo. Fleance flees the scene and is blamed for his father’s death. Banquos Ghost Macbeth and Lady Macbeth host a feast to lament the death of the King. Macbeth sees Banquo’s ghost sitting in his chair and his concerned guests soon disperse. Lady Macbeth urges her husband to rest and forget his wrongdoings, but he decides to meet with the witches again to discover his future. Prophesies When Macbeth meets the three witches, they concoct a spell and conjure apparitions to answer his questions and predict his fate. A bodiless head appears and warns Macbeth to fear Macduff. Then a bloody child appears and assures him that â€Å"none of woman born shall harm Macbeth.† A third apparition of a crowned child with a tree in his hand tells Macbeth that he will not be vanquished until â€Å"Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him.† Macduffs Revenge Macduff travels to England to help Malcolm (King Duncan’s son) avenge his father’s death and overthrow Macbeth. By this time, Macbeth has already decided that Macduff is his enemy and kills his wife and son. Lady Macbeths Death The doctor observes Lady Macbeth’s strange behavior. Every night she acts out washing her hands in her sleep as if trying to wash away her guilt. She dies shortly after. Macbeths Final Battle Malcolm and Macduff have assembled an army in Birnam Wood. Malcolm suggests the soldiers each cut down a tree in order to advance on the castle unseen. Macbeth is warned that the wood seems to be moving. Scoffing, Macbeth feels confident that he will be victorious in battle as his predicted invincibility that â€Å"none of woman born shall harm him† will protect him. Macbeth and Macduff finally confront each other. Macduff reveals that he was ripped from his mother’s womb in an untimely manner, so the â€Å"none of woman born† prophesy does not apply to him. He kills Macbeth and holds his head aloft for all to see before declaring Malcolm’s rightful place as king.

Strategic alliance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strategic alliance - Essay Example Therefore, they are very pertinent issues for organizations and for the viability of the same. Moreover, author rightly claims that if managers fail to accurately assess risk, they can lose a big opportunity which could have been exploited for greater gains. In the current environment of highly competitive business and escalating cost of healthcare, strategic alliances can provide the firms with competitive advantage and significantly promote business interests at lower cost. Though, failure rate of alliances is relatively high, but correct risk analysis and comprehensive study of pros and con of the strategic alliance can hugely benefit organizations to expand and compete against their rivals. Richardson (2011) says that strategic alliances in healthcare industry have become critical inputs that not only help to meet the challenges of recessive environment but also facilitate easier access to healthcare delivery by larger demographic segment, especially the vulnerable segment of the society. Most importantly, I believe that in the current times, strategic alliances must be encouraged as they tend to divide the risks and double the profit. Richardson, V. (2011) Crossing Strategic Alliance Borders to 2025: Healthcare in an Era of Globalization. Retrieved from

Business cultural Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 14000 words

Business cultural - Dissertation Example 115). Strengthened by the maximum gross domestic product (GDP) per capita within North African region and government expenditures going beyond 48 billion USD every year, Libya has rapidly turn out to be one of the most lucrative markets in the region for a wide range of products and services. As foreign businesses assess the prospect of entering this potentially productive market, endurance, a dependable associate and profound understanding of the political as well as business setting are significant assets that should come with any future venture. Background As Libya carries on to recover from the Qadhafi era, businesses will certainly come across a number of the similar challenges many Libyans have coped with for years. From a functioning point of view, these aspects repeatedly disrupt the best of project management attempts and exponentially raise the level of endurance essential to function successfully (Bayoud et al, 2012, p. 145). Nonetheless, in a culture focused on associatio ns, the value of a dependable associate with the necessary understanding of the Libyan market cannot be devalued. Looking for an associate with the cultural understanding and continuing political as well as business dealings required to get things done can usually indicate the difference among achievement and collapse. While this business setting will certainly modify during the coming months as the lately nominated General National Congress (GNC) carries on to deal with its parliamentary priorities, companies must be responsive towards existing regulatory requirements. Businesses should as well be aware of a decision linked with â€Å"new customs tariffs issued by the GNC’s predecessor, the National Transitional Council† (Joffe, 2011, p. 240). The general charge of customs duties shall be five percent, with the exception of some particular products that charged higher duty rates starting from 10 percent up to 30 percent. There are some offered within this decision how ever, up till now, a thorough customs tariff chart has not yet been published. While many may consider the inherent challenges of the existing Libyan market as daunting, there are still some companies from around the globe who are recognizing the bright prospects at hand once the problems are being taken care of. Following a year of inconsistency and 42 years of dictatorship, Libyans are dedicated towards helping the country to apprehend its potential and identify the part for foreign business during the process (Adetunji, 2011, p. 209). With the proper leadership, global businesses can do well in Libya and deliver products and services that the financial system requires as it goes to the next level. For companies who can afford to be enduring, who can operate with a dependable local associate and stay at the forefront of political and business

Continuing Professional Development To Maintain Knowledge And Understanding Nursing Essay

Continuing Professional Development To Maintain Knowledge And Understanding Nursing Essay In a changing world, competence becomes more than just a level of knowledge, skills and behaviours used to improve performance. In order to achieve continuous competence, learning and development must be continued. Continuing Professional Development (CPD) is incredibly important in the health care system as rules, ideas and values are being assessed and broadened, therefore the professionals should maintain the knowledge and understanding of this, in order to continue competence. The Oxford Dictionary defines competence as the ability to do something successfully or efficiently. By my understanding, professional competency is a persons values, attitudes, habits, skills and practices that are based on a theory-guided, evidenced-based discipline. To be competent is to have understanding, confidence and a level of knowledge based within a competency standard. Competencies are not only defined by a persons ability to fulfil their duties as a care giver but to have a greater understanding of every aspect that makes a nurse. A competent nurse has healthy partnerships with both patients and colleagues by understanding what makes a safe practice, showing independence, efficient time management skills, demonstrating clinical skills, italicising resources available, understanding the broad health care system and showing work ethics. Competency standards are based on the boundaries of practice, the standards set by the nurse, using a holistic approach, expectations set by the nurse, the practice and the national standard and also the nurses consistency. Standards are used as framework for testing competency. The Australian Nursing and Midwife Council (ANMC) have a National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse. Each of these standards complies with a level of competency. With the standards evolving with the change of community this shows why continuing professional development is important. The Australian Nursing and Midwife Council have decided these standards into domains. Professional practice, critical thinking and analysis, provision and coordination of care and collaborative and therapeutic practice. (ANMC, 2005) Professional practice is in relation to the professional, legal and ethical responsibilities. This includes basic knowledge of the legislation affecting nursing, health care and protecting individuals and group rights. (ANMC, 2005) This includes practicing in accordance with relevant legislation and common law, Fulfilling the duty of care and working within an ethical nursing framework. (ANMC, 2005) Critical thinking and analysis relates to professional development and evidence and research for practice in the health care system. This includes reflection on practice, feelings, beliefs and the consequences of individuals and groups. (ANMC, 2005) Provision and coordination of care is exactly that, as well as the assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation of care. (ANMC, 2005) Collaborative and therapeutic practice is the establishing, sustaining and concluding professional relationships with individuals and groups. This also includes the nurses competencies within an interdisciplinary health care team. (ANMC, 2005) In achieving competence a health care professional must as comply with a code of Ethics. This code can be found on The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council website. This code relates to ethics and morality used in within the standards of health care. This Code outlines the nursing professions commitment to respect, promote, protect and uphold the fundamental rights of people who are both the recipients and providers of nursing and health care. (ANMC, 2005) The purpose of this code of ethics is for nurses in Australia to be able to identify the ethical standards and values in which have been incorporated within the nursing guidelines and standards of conduct. This code also helps guide ethical decision making and practice. There are eight key points within the code of ethics these are; 1. Nurses value quality nursing care for all people. 2. Nurses value respect and kindness for self and others. 3. Nurses value the diversity of people. 4. Nurses value access to quality nursing and health care for all people. 5. Nurses value informed decision making. 6. Nurses value a culture of safety in nursing and health care. 7. Nurses value ethical management of information. 8. Nurses value a socially, economically and ecologically sustainable environment promoting health and wellbeing. (ANMC, 2005) The Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) revised the English language requirements in August 2010 which have been published on the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australias website. Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia are responsible for all Nursing applications in Australia, and have made Continuing Professional Development mandatory. Continuing Professional Development (CPD) is essential for professionals to maintain, improve and broaden their knowledge and skills and develop their personal qualities required for the ever-changing field of health care. Continuing Professional Development is important for the enhancement of skills both professionally and personally. This is a career long process and it is essential as the resources grow so must the professionals knowledge. Continuing Professional Development is a design that helps promote self-learning and address any inadequacies associated with previous learning. (Justin Konkol, n.d) The purpose of Continuing Professional Development is extensive but some of the main reasons are to maintain knowledge and skills provide evidence of competency, maintain competency and adequacy. Although a boundary on how competency and Continuing Professional Development are reviewed could come down to an individuals value judgements or expert opinion, but who is to say who is rig ht and who is wrong? There is also an opportunity for independent assessment. In the past it has been a requirement of health care professionals to continue education; Continuing Professional Development is an improved replacement structure of continuation of education (CE). Competence and Continuing Professional Development are very closely linked, as you need to Continue Professional Development to continue competence. It is important that a health care professional is kept up to date in order to maintain competency. Continuing Professional Development is a key indicator of continuing competence within a practice. Competence is the ability to perform duties accurately, make correct judgments, and interact appropriately with patients and colleagues. Professional competence is characterized by good problem-solving and decision-making abilities, a strong knowledge base, and the ability to apply knowledge and experience to diverse patient care situations. (Health-Syst Pharm, 2001) CPD ensures that professions remain up to date in a changing world and that the reputation of the profession is enhanced, encouraging individuals to aspire to improve performance and ensure they are committed to learning and it is an integral part of their work. (Whittaker, 1992). This is a prime example of a professional expert explaining why continuing professional development is important. The world can not be stopped from changing, and our professionals must keep up with the standards in order to continue competency. Continuing Professional Development is broken up into five main principles. These include Reflecting on current skills and knowledge and identifying personal and organizational areas that may need improvement within a practice. Individually the professional should devise a personal plan for future strategies that will help in the identified learning and developmental needs. Broken down into five simple steps Continuing Professional Development is best achieved by: Step one: Identifying current competencies. Step two: Determine the desired and the current levels of performance. Step three: Identify the learning and development needs. Step four: Plan and action, in other words, fill the gaps. Step five: Evaluate and demonstrate. There are many barriers that stop professionals from carrying out Continuation Professional Development. Time, cost, and access are the most frequent of these barriers. Finding time between work life and home life is confronting enough, let alone balancing another aspect of furthering education. Professionals with poor time-management skills will find time as the biggest barrier. The cost of perusing Continuing Professional Development can be a costly one not only for an individual but also an organisation. For smaller profit organisations they may not have the funds to support an individual professional to further their education and therefore the cost falls back onto the individual. Also people from smaller districts may not have the facilities or the facilitators required to fulfil this continuation of learning forcing them to travel a distance which again brings in factors such as time and costs. There are also personal factors that become barriers such as differences in career stage, preferred learning style and individual ambition. For a professional that is high up in the heath care hierarchy they may feel that there is nothing left for them to expand on and dont see the reasoning behind them further their education. Also every individual has a different way they prefer to learn. Unfortunately when in a learning setting not all of these approaches can be facilitated for. For someone who is comfortable in their current position, participating in Continuing Professional Development may not be ideal for them, where as for a professional that is highly ambitious participating in Continuing Professional Development is absolutely ideal for them. Barriers for Continuing Professional Development come down to the professional individual and their drive and desire to continue their learning. As Continuing Professional Development is very much a self-learning process, there is a dist inct difference in those who are competent and participate in Continuing their Professional Development and those whose competency slips when furthering their education is not perused. In conclusion, in order to achieve continuous competence professionals need to engage in Continuing Professional Development. This is crucial for a successful heath care system and a successful practice. As research continues to grow so must the professionals knowledge, values, attitudes and behaviours. Rules and ideas continue to change and evolve and as a health care professional continuing professional development help the professional to evolve with them. The world will always continue to expand, change and evolve around us and our health care professionals must expand, change and evolve with it.

Culture of Hybrid Stripped Bass in Cages

The hybrid striped bass (Morone crysops saxatilis) is a cross between the striped bass and the white bass. The two species were successfully hybridized for commercial farming in 1967 in California. The aqua culture of this fish can be conducted in either net pens or in open ponds. A drawback to open pond culture is that ponds must be designed specifically for aquaculture, and in most cases they are not. Usually ponds are designed with irrigation, watershed conservation, livestock watering, or recreational purposes in mind. These ponds usually cannot be adequately drained or they have natural structures on their bottoms, which make harvesting difficult. However, with cage culture many of these ponds can still be used for aquaculture. Cages or net pens are structures that enclose a number of fish in a confined area keeping them from ranging freely. This makes harvest extremely easy. The fish are dipped out of the cages or the cage itself is simply removed. Although the cage makes for a easier harvest the nature of the fish being in confined space calls for close management. Pond size is very important when considering cage culture for commercial purposes. Five acres is the recommended size for commercial culture (due to oxygen demand) although, smaller ponds can be used is mechanical aeration is used to offset the problem of oxygen depletion. Fish need oxygen to survive the oxygen they breathe is dissolved in the water. The amount of dissolved oxygen in the water is inversely proportional to the water temperature. Warmer water means lower levels of oxygen saturation, which is where problems arise. As the water temperature increases so does the metabolism of the fish. This higher metabolism causes the fish! to consume more oxygen. If oxygen levels are low this stresses the fish, which in turn causes the fish to consume more oxygen and further reducing levels in the pond. So for a cage culture operation to be successful a high lever of oxygen saturation must be maintained. This can be done in two ways using a small number of fish on a large pond, or enhancing the ponds oxygen levels by mechanical means. The latter is what works best in intensive commercial situations. Mechanical methods such as paddlewheels, airlift pumps, or diffusers are artificial means of introducing oxygen into a pond. They simply expose more water surface to the atmosphere allowing a greater rate of oxygen transfer. Oxygen is one of the major limiting factors in determining how many pounds of fish can be produced in a given body of water. That is why in serious commercial cage culture a good oxygen meter is a valued piece of equipment. Keeping oxygen in mind, cages can be placed any where in the pond so long as there is enough open water around and under the cage to allow water to circulate. Cages should not be set side by side so water movement is not restricted. The ideal situation is to have two cage lengths between cages. A minimum of two feet should be maintained between the bottom of the cage and the pond bottom to ensure an adequate buffer zone between the caged fish and the pond bottom, where organic waste is broken down by bacteria causing low levels of oxygen. For greatest ease in feeding and harvesting it is suggested the cages be placed along a floating dock. Pond depth is another factor in cage culture. The pond should be at least six to seven feet deep but no deeper than fifteen feet. Deeper ponds should be avoided due to water stratification. The cool water at the bottom will establish a density gradient so that normal wind action will only circulate the upper level of warm water. In deali! ng with water temperature hybrid stripped bass require water in the range of 72 to 78oF for optimal growth. With hybrid stripped bass it takes sixteen to twenty-four months to reach market size. The first year is devoted to fingerling production and the second to market grow out. With hybrid striped bass there are two options with respect to size when stocking. You can stock phase I fingerlings or phase II yearlings. The phase I fish are 2 to 3 inches long and about two months old. There are several advantages to stocking phase I fish. They are cheaper and there fore can be stocked in high densities. Once they reach the age the excess phase II fish can be sold off keeping the grow out density near the ponds carrying capacity. The disadvantages of phase I fish are the use of small mesh cages restricting water flow, higher mortalities, and the need to train them to take feed. Phase II fish are 6 to 8 inches long and weigh about 1/3 of a pound. These fish are healthy accept feed and are unlikely to experience significant mortalities if oxygen levels are maintained. The draw back to th! ese fish is that they are expensive. In an intensive commercial situation phase I fish prove to be the most profitable. The caged hybrid stripped bass are completely dependent on the farmer for food due to them being confined in cages. There fore they must be feed daily with a high quality diet. The caged fish should be fed y hand to best manage them. Feeding by hand gives instant feedback on the health of the fish. Fish should be fed twice a day once in the morning and once in the evening. Do not feed the fish after dark for this is when oxygen levels are at their lowest. Be consistent in your feeding patterns for seclude changes can disrupt the behavior patterns of the fish. The feed should be of good quality the protein amount and food size depend on the fish size. The smaller the fish the smaller the feed and the higher protein content needed. There is not a complete diet food for hybrid striped bass instead you must use trout and salmon diets. Due to this the feed rate stays between 2 to 3 percent body weight per day for  ¼ pound fish decreasing as the fish reaches harvest size. Fish less ! than  ¼ pound are feed 5 percent body weight per day. For Hybrid striped bass the food conversion efficiency ranges from 1.8 to2.5:1. Hybrid stripped bass are fast attracting consumer interest in seafood markets around the country. The inland culture of Hybrid stripped bass is best undertaken in cages or net pens since it enables the use of most farm ponds with were previously thought useless foe aquaculture purposes. The cages enable the farmer to keep tight control over his fish and allow for easy feeding and harvest. With this type of culture market size fish  ¾ pound to 2 pound and up fish can be achieved by the end of the second year.

The, It s Not Just About Salivating Dogs ! - 987 Words

Forty Studies That Changed Psychology: â€Å"It’s Not Just About Salivating Dogs!† In the article, â€Å"It’s Not Just About Salivating Dogs!† the author, Roger R. Hock, talks about Ivan Petrovich Pavlov and his research and discoveries of classical conditioning. The article starts off by talking about how Pavlov technically wasn’t even a psychologist before his remarkable discoveries, he was actually a physiologist. Because Psychology was a new and untouched science, Pavlov made a huge risk in his career by switching to become a psychologist (Hock, 2009, p. 66). Pavlov’s discovery of classical conditioning was a complete accident (Hock, 2009, p. 66). Pavlov was doing physiology research with salvation’s role with digestion when he discovered classical conditioning. In his research, he had dogs with their salvation glands redirected to their cheek in order to test the amount of saliva produced when presented with different foods. 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